His Hohenstaufen grandson Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (1194 - 1250) continued integrating Muslims into his court, including Moorish musicians. There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the Norman conquest of the island from the Muslims, and the lute is depicted extensively in the ceiling paintings in the Palermo's royal Cappella Palatina, dedicated by the Norman King Roger II of Sicily in 1140. The instruments moved from Spain northward to France and eastward towards Italy by way of Provence.īeside, the introduction of the lute to Spain (Andalusia) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians. The Cantigas de Santa Maria shows 13th-century instruments similar to lutes, mandores, mandolas and guitars, being played by European and Islamic players. The gargoyle-like head at the bottom is Medusa The back and neck are one piece, carved from a block of pearwood, and features images of Juno, Minerva and Venus in a beauty contest, the Judgement of Paris. ![]() History Īn example of a mandore made by Boissart, in the collections of the Victoria and Albert Museum. The latter name, pandurina, was also applied in the 1700s in Italy to the Milanese mandolin. Michael Praetorius recorded the names mandürichen, bandürichen, mandoër, mandurinichen, mandörgen, and pandurina. The Germans continued to use quinterne, their name for the gittern. From the mandola, the baroque mandolino was created, which in turn became the modern mandolin. The latter name is still used in the mandolin family for an alto or tenor range instrument. The Italians also called it the mandora or mandola. That variant is known today as the Milanese or Lombardic mandolin, and retains the mandore's tuning. The Italians called it the mandola and even as the instrument became obsolete elsewhere, by the mid 17th century they had developed it into "an instrument with its own distinct tuning, technique and music." In Milan, Italy as the mandore or Lombardo, it remained in use into the late 19th century. The mandore was played widely across Europe, just as the earlier gittern had been. In its Spanish form the bandurria may have resembled the rebec. Musicologist James Tyler said that the Spanish bandurria with three strings was the mandore, although it had four strings when it arrived in France. The mandore arrived in France from Spain, and was considered a new instrument in French music books from the 1580s, but can be seen as a development of the gittern. The instrument's most commonly played relatives today are members of the mandolin family and the bandurria. Although it went out of style, the French instrument has been revived for use in classical music. ![]() Considered a French instrument, with much of the surviving music coming from France, it was used across "Northern Europe" including Germany and Scotland. The mandore is a musical instrument, a small member of the lute family, teardrop shaped, with four to six courses of gut strings and pitched in the treble range. Giovanni Vailati, "Blind mandolinist of Cremona," toured Europe in the 1850s with a six-string Lombardy mandolin.
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